托福句子簡化題解題技巧

時(shí)間：2020-06-14 11:28:37 楚薇0由分享

　　句子簡化題是托福閱讀的必考題。要求考生從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最接近原句主要意思的一個(gè)。原句通常在文中以加粗的黑體呈現(xiàn)。下面小編給大家?guī)砣绾谓獯鹜懈ｉ喿x句子簡化題的內(nèi)容。

　　托福句子簡化題怎么做更好

　　找到原句中的關(guān)鍵的詞在選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中進(jìn)行同義替換。例如In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart fromthe rest of the animal kingdom.

　　Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.

　　B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.

　　C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.

　　D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.

　　先來看題干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　該題要求從選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)能夠表達(dá)原文陰影句子核心信息的句子。很多同學(xué)采用翻譯的方法做題，即首先翻譯原句，然后逐個(gè)翻譯四個(gè)選項(xiàng)。這種做法不僅浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，而且對我們的讀句子的能力要求極高。更好的做法是，首先判斷句子的核心信息。這是考題當(dāng)中為數(shù)不多的原句比較簡單的句子釋義題，原句的核心概念在于強(qiáng)調(diào)區(qū)分(apart from)。因此找到同義替換，即是C項(xiàng)當(dāng)中的distinguished。但是大多數(shù)題目的原文不會(huì)是一個(gè)簡單句，多數(shù)是帶有邏輯關(guān)系的復(fù)雜句。那么簡單的同義替換技巧就無法操作了。如何快速解決這種題型呢?我們主要分兩個(gè)部分來解析。

　　其實(shí)，我們在讀原句的時(shí)候并不需要完整的徹底的攝取信息，相反，我們通過快速瀏覽，只需要關(guān)注兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：一是原句當(dāng)中的表示程度，頻率的詞，二是原句當(dāng)中的邏輯關(guān)系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速瀏覽將所關(guān)注的信息點(diǎn)抓住即可，這樣便節(jié)省了大量的時(shí)間。

　　The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

　　Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

　　B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth.

　　C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

　　D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

　　解題思路：

　　句子中最核心的信息首先就是該句的邏輯關(guān)系。原句的邏輯關(guān)系可以由result from 來判斷，為因果關(guān)系。借此我們就可以縮小選項(xiàng)范圍，首先排除掉C,D選項(xiàng)。剩下的A,B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)均包含因果的邏輯關(guān)系。接下來我們可以根據(jù)句子的第二種核心信息：主語，來判斷。原句的主語是Desertification沙漠化，而B項(xiàng)的主語是Slowing down the process of desertification減緩沙漠化進(jìn)程。所以排除掉B選項(xiàng)，A為正確答案。

　　將通過程度詞解題和借助邏輯關(guān)系解題結(jié)合起來，對于解答帶有邏輯關(guān)系的復(fù)雜句的釋義題很有幫助。我們看一下下面這道題目：

　　It is one of the most important sensations because it is translated into a negative reaction, such as withdrawal from danger.

　　Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　A. Escaping from danger is a negative reaction, but it is the most important thing an individual learns.

　　B. The ability to sense pain is extremely important because pain signals the body to respond to a threat.

　　C. Experiencing pain is one type of reaction to a negative stimulus; another type is avoiding danger.

　　D. We experience a lot of sensations, and the most important ones are translated into appropriate actions.

　　(本題節(jié)選自，新托福考試備考策略與模擬試題，群言出版社，P150，第1題)

　　瀏覽原句，從because可以看出邏輯關(guān)系為因果關(guān)系，并且原句當(dāng)中有絕對化詞匯most。僅僅憑借most這個(gè)程度很強(qiáng)的詞匯我們可以排除C選項(xiàng)。因?yàn)樵漠?dāng)中帶有絕對化詞匯而選項(xiàng)中沒有，那么這個(gè)選項(xiàng)為必錯(cuò)選項(xiàng)。接下來利用邏輯關(guān)系排除A項(xiàng)，A中為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。而B恰恰有because 這個(gè)詞，此外B中的extremely可以作為most的同義替換。正確答案為B。

　　幾乎每一篇文章后面都會(huì)有一道釋義題，因此考生應(yīng)加強(qiáng)練習(xí)。平時(shí)在閱讀文章，或者報(bào)刊雜志的時(shí)候不僅僅要把注意力放在讀懂原文上，還應(yīng)該注意原文的邏輯關(guān)系，培養(yǎng)根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系思考的習(xí)慣。另外，一些程度詞的存在也會(huì)影響我們對原文的精確理解，平時(shí)閱讀的時(shí)候應(yīng)當(dāng)多加關(guān)注。

　　最詳細(xì)的托福閱讀句子簡化題解題法

　　句子簡化題重點(diǎn)考察了考生以下三個(gè)方面的能力：

　　一、快速找到原句及選項(xiàng)句的主要信息;

　　二、較好的句法及語法知識(shí);

　　三、句子同義復(fù)述(在不改變原句意義前提下)。

　　句子簡化題的基本解題步驟為：

　　1、讀原句，找出主要信息及主要邏輯;

　　2、讀選項(xiàng)，找出各句主要信息及主要邏輯;

　　3、比對，找出最接近原句選項(xiàng)，排除干擾選項(xiàng)，排除次要信息及錯(cuò)誤邏輯。

　　要解答好句子簡化題，關(guān)鍵是要弄清楚原句及各選項(xiàng)之間的關(guān)系。

　　因?yàn)楦鬟x項(xiàng)是由原句改寫而來的，我們需要把握原句與改寫句之間 “變” 與 “不變”的關(guān)系。

　　首先，我們來說說“不變”。何謂“不變”? 哪些內(nèi)容“不變”呢?

　　在句子簡化題中，不變指的是改寫后的句子，與原句相比，有一些方面是不能改變的。這些方面就是：一、主要信息;二、主要邏輯。

　　先談一下主要信息。由于句子簡化題的原句通常都是較為復(fù)雜的長難句及復(fù)合句，即除了主要信息外，還包含很多的補(bǔ)充信息及次要信息，因而我們要善于區(qū)分哪些是主要信息，哪些是次要信息。要解決好這個(gè)問題，要求對語法現(xiàn)象中的主句從句有一定的把握。

　　我們以下面的題目為例：

　　In 1972 paleontologists Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged

　　conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated equilibrium

　　hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in relatively

　　sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period.

　　Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the

　　highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important

　　ways or leave out essential information.

　　A)The punctuated equilibrium hypothes is challenged gradualism, which holds

　　that species evolve in relatively suddenbursts of brief duration.

　　B)The punctuated equilibrium hypothes is developed by Stephen Jay Gould and

　　Niles Eldredge was challenged in 1972.

　　C)In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged gradualism by

　　positing that change from one species to another can not occur without a lengthy

　　transition period.

　　D)The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds

　　that transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden

　　burst.

　　按照解題步驟，先看原句，原句的總體信息包含四點(diǎn)：

　　(1)In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional

　　wisdom;

　　(2)Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge bring out an opposing

　　viewpoint;

　　(3) The opposing viewpoint is called the punctuated equilibrium

　　hypothesis;

　　(4) The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis posits that species give rise to

　　new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition

　　period.

　　原句的主要信息在(3)與(4)，即提出的opposing viewpoint是什么?punctuated equilibrium hypothesis

　　是什么?

　　接下來我們?nèi)ブ饌€(gè)分析選項(xiàng)的信息。

　　A選項(xiàng)后面的gradualism定語從句錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)樵摱ㄕZ從句定義的是原句的punctuated equilibrium

　　hypothesis，而非選項(xiàng)的gradualism，與原句主要信息沖突;

　　B選項(xiàng)與原句的第(1)點(diǎn)信息沖突，原句說的是Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge

　　“challenge”,而非Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge “ was challenged ”;

　　C 選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在后半部分“cannot occur without a lengthy transition period

　　”，雙重否定等于肯定，即”occur with a lengthy transition period”，這與原句第(4)點(diǎn)沖突;

　　最后看D選項(xiàng)的信息，總共兩點(diǎn)：

　　(1)The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis is in opposition to

　　gradualism;

　　(2) The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis holds that transitions from one

　　species to another occur in comparatively sudden burst.

　　這兩點(diǎn)與原句第(3)(4)點(diǎn)的主要信息剛好對應(yīng)，因此選C.

　　需要注意的是，上面例題中的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤很容易找到，是因?yàn)槠湫畔⑴c原句的主要或次要信息對應(yīng)錯(cuò)誤，在實(shí)際考試中，有些選項(xiàng)的信息與原句能夠?qū)?yīng)，但由于其對應(yīng)的是原句的次要信息，在這種情況下，我們也需要將其排除，從而選擇更好地與原句主要信息對應(yīng)的選項(xiàng)。

　　我們前文中還提到了在句子簡化題中，正確選項(xiàng)與原句之間，還有一個(gè)重要的方面不能改變，那就是主要邏輯。原句往往包含因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、讓步、對比等重要邏輯關(guān)系，在進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)化或簡化時(shí)，這種邏輯關(guān)系不能失去，否則選項(xiàng)就與原句的主要信息與主要邏輯產(chǎn)生沖突。

　　我們以下面的題目為例：

　　The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of

　　land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great

　　difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.Which of the following best

　　expresses theessential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer

　　choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential

　　information.

　　A) Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard toreverse

　　and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

　　B) Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of

　　population growth that has spread over large areas of land.

　　C) The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be

　　solved only if large numbers of peoplein various countries are involved in the

　　effort.

　　D) Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is

　　reduced in the vast areas affected.

　　按照解題步驟，先看原句的主干The extreme seriousness…result from.. vast areas

　　of…tremendous numbers of… as well as thegreat difficulty

　　of…，原句中有一個(gè)重要的信號(hào)詞，即謂語動(dòng)詞“result from”，表明了主要的因果邏輯關(guān)系，即 result from 前面部分是果，result

　　from后面部分是因。

　　選項(xiàng)A的后部分because ….剛好對應(yīng)原句的因，because 前部分剛好對應(yīng)果。所以選A。

　　B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在把原句的兩個(gè)因，結(jié)合為一個(gè)因，有出入;

　　C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在沒有提及原句的因果關(guān)系，內(nèi)容不切題;

　　D選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在沒有提及原句因果關(guān)系，內(nèi)容不切題。

　　正如上面例題所示，原句中的因果、轉(zhuǎn)折等主要邏輯關(guān)系是隱性的而非選性的，所以考生要善于發(fā)現(xiàn)一些重要的信號(hào)詞如表示因果的result in，be

　　attributable to，reflect, given; considering; concerning等，表對比的before; prior to;

　　after等。

　　接著，我們說說“變”。“變”是指在在句子簡化或轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)，正確選項(xiàng)可以對原句作出一些改變。“變”主要體現(xiàn)在：

　　(1)語法/結(jié)構(gòu)可變 ;

　　(2)次要對象可省略;

　　(3)可以進(jìn)行指代替換。

　　如上面例題The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas

　　of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected , as well as from the

　　great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.原句的語法結(jié)構(gòu)是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的簡單句，The

　　extreme seriousness… results from..而正確選項(xiàng)Desertification is a significant problem

　　becauseit is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great

　　numbers ofpeople. 是帶原因狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句。

　　如上面例題In 1972 paleontologists Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge

　　challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated

　　equilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in

　　relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period.原句提到了4點(diǎn)信息，而正確選項(xiàng)The

　　punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds that

　　transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden

　　burst省略了次要信息In 1972 paleontologists Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge等。

　　托福閱讀原文練習(xí)：水形成

　　The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports,and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.

　　Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.

　　The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean — we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.

　　A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.

　　托福閱讀題目：

　　1. The word "modifying" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) changing

　　(B) traveling

　　(D) destroying

　　2. The word "which" in line 5 refers to

　　(A) clouds

　　(B) oceans

　　(D) compounds

　　3.According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water

　　(A) precipitating onto the ground

　　(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state