4月15日新托福閱讀題解析：討論最早歷法

為了幫助大家備考托福閱讀，下面小編給大家?guī)?月15日新托福閱讀題解析：討論最早歷法，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助!

4月15日新托福閱讀題解析：討論最早歷法

學(xué)科分類：考古類

題目：Debate about the earliest calendars

內(nèi)容回憶版本一：

第一段：一個(gè)考古學(xué)家認(rèn)為骨頭上的14個(gè)marks 是古代人們記錄lunar year的方法，因?yàn)樗鼈兊呐帕胁皇莃y chance的，而是按照group patterns排列的[有目的題，問作者為什么提到這些具體的pattern, 答案為為了說明這些pattern不是natural(對(duì)應(yīng)not by chance)的，而是人為的]，該學(xué)家認(rèn)為這種pattern和月亮從crescent(新月)到full moon，再從full moon到new moon的時(shí)間段一致(有題，問這個(gè)考古學(xué)家是如何理解上述pattern的，答：和moon的各種phase相符)。第一段是不是森破?

第二段：講這種日歷的用途：古代人推算一些event的period;找到事情的sequencially connected;最終導(dǎo)致writing的出現(xiàn)[并列結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)，有EXCEPT題]。雖然最長的pattern只有two and a half months, but多個(gè)連接起來可以推算時(shí)間的period，如懷孕，洪水的時(shí)間[有句子簡化題，注意轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯即可]。

第三段：發(fā)現(xiàn)我們的祖先可以think abstractly，具有計(jì)算日子的能力是件很有意思的事[有事實(shí)信息題]，但是也有質(zhì)疑，因?yàn)閔unter-gather的祖先了解所有打獵，采集等periodically的時(shí)間，不需要記錄。

第四段：繼續(xù)批判第一段中考古學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)，說那些marks的pattern是not regular，他也沒有provide no example，還沒有evidence[一句話中并列結(jié)構(gòu)，有EXCEPT題]。而且這種mark不一定是record day or event噠，有可能是一些sharp tools使用的時(shí)候留下的，這種情況在其他文明中也常出現(xiàn)，此處有example[有目的題，問作者為啥要提到某個(gè)文明，答案為想要證明這些pattern不是起record events or days的作用] 。

內(nèi)容回憶版本二：

古代日歷 Early Calendar

某科學(xué)家認(rèn)為一種最早在骨頭上發(fā)現(xiàn)的裂痕是遠(yuǎn)古人類做了記號(hào)的日歷，它記錄了當(dāng)時(shí)的月相盈虧，他由此認(rèn)為這些刻痕可以幫助古代人發(fā)現(xiàn)更多更大的規(guī)律、進(jìn)行抽象思考，并且?guī)砹怂阈g(shù)能力的進(jìn)步，此外這一calendar的出現(xiàn)和hand-writing的出現(xiàn)也有關(guān)系。

反駁觀點(diǎn)有很多，其他人認(rèn)為這個(gè)科學(xué)家的理論毫無學(xué)術(shù)依據(jù)，純屬臆測，不足為信，舉出反例比如這些點(diǎn)可能是用來磨武器的時(shí)候刻的或者僅僅是劃痕而已。

校園生活的托福詞匯精選

be down and out:疲憊不堪，一蹶不振

EX: After about ten years of no business at all, they are practically down and out.

EX: I don't think you realize that I am down and out.

double date:兩對(duì)伴侶的約會(huì)

EX: Sometimes it's more fun to go on a double date.

go off the deep end:魯莽行事，感情用事

EX: He surely went off the deep end when he bought that restaurant.

go the whole hog:全力以赴

EX: When Bob became interested in model airplanes, he went the whole hog.

jump out of the frying pan into fire:每況愈下(from bad to worse)

EX: You're jumping out of the frying pan into the fire. By trying to straighten out with Mr.Bagnell, you're getting your self in trouble with Mrs. Bagnell.

jump down one's throat:橫加指責(zé)

EX: I don't mind being corrected when I am wrong, but you don't need to jump down my throat.

lick into shape:塑造，訓(xùn)練整頓

EX: Two years in the army will lick him into shape.

EX: The inspection was announced at two o'clock, and they had the place licked into shape.

look down one's nose at:嗤之以鼻，瞧不起

EX:The man is a snob. He looks down his nose at most people

EX:He looks down his nose at the offer. (meaning he doesn't care about the offer.)

make heavy weather:發(fā)覺某事有困難

EX:Though the investment is at present making heavy weather, the future is regarded withconfidence.

make head or tail of: 弄清楚，懂得

EX:Can you understand this letter? I've read it through twice and I juse can't make head of tail of it.

Stand to reason 清楚而且合乎邏輯

Ex:It stands to reason that too many shopping choices can be as bad as too few.

Ex:If you drink too much coffee a day, it stands to reason that your health will suffer.

kick around 私下討論一下

Ex: We haven't decided where to go on vacation. I think we'd better kick it around for a while.

put two and two together 找出解決之道

Ex: At first, he couldn't understand the directions for assembling the bookcase, but later on he was able to put two ond two together.

fake steps 采取必要措施

托福詞匯之十大經(jīng)典連詞的使用

一. And 并列關(guān)系 (and)

in addition // and // similarly // likewise // as well as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too// not only ... but // even // besides this/that

二.Sequence 順序 (then)

出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候表示列舉

first// initially // second etc. // to begin with // then // next // earlier/later // following this/that // afterwards

三.Consequence 結(jié)果 (so)

前面是后面的結(jié)果 // 也就是這些詞后面就開始給出結(jié)論了。

as a result// thus // so // therefore // consequently // it follows that // thereby // eventually // tn that case // admittedly

四.Contrast轉(zhuǎn)折 (but )

表對(duì)前面論述的轉(zhuǎn)折 // 一般后面才是作者觀點(diǎn)

however// on the other hand // despite // in spite of //

though // although // but // on the contrary

otherwise// yet // instead of // rather // whereas // nonetheless // in contrast

五.Certainty 確定 (of course)

強(qiáng)烈的確定 // 后面是作者的堅(jiān)定論點(diǎn)

obviously// certainly // plainly // of course // undoubtedly

六.Condition 條件/ 因?yàn)?(if )

后面跟隨著某種情況發(fā)生的前提或者是條件。

if // unless // whether // provided that // // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on

七.Time 時(shí)間 (when )

before // since // as // until // meanwhile // at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as

八.Summary 總結(jié) (in a word)

in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述 // in short // in a word

九.Example舉例 (for example)

for example // for instance // just as // in particular // such as // namely 也就是

十.Reason原因 ( because)

since // as // so // because (of) // due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause

托福詞匯中最常見的詞綴匯總

英語否定的前綴主要有a- ab- anti- counter- de- dis- il- im- in- ir- mal- mis- non- un- 等。

a-ab-主要加在形容詞動(dòng)詞前，例如atypical非典型性的，abnormal非正常的;abuse濫用、錯(cuò)誤使用、虐待。

anti-加在名詞、形容詞前邊。最常見的是anti-Japanese抗日戰(zhàn)爭、anti-social厭惡社會(huì)的 反社會(huì)的、antidite解毒的藥。

counter-加在名詞、動(dòng)詞前，例如：counterstrike反擊、counteract抵抗阻礙、counterrevolution反革命。

de-加在名詞、形容詞前，常見的例詞有decrease減少，deteriorate惡化，demobilize遣散 使…復(fù)員、decolor 脫色 漂白。

dis-主要加在名詞、形容詞，動(dòng)詞之前，dis-為否定前綴的詞有：disadvantage缺點(diǎn)、dishonorable不光彩的、disagree不同意、disappear消失、disarm解除武裝、disconnect失去聯(lián)系。

il-主要加在以1開頭的單詞的前邊，比如：illegal非法的、illiterate文盲的、illogical不合邏輯的。

im-加在字母m,b,p之前，這樣的詞有impossible不可能的、impolite不禮貌的。

in-常加在形容詞，名詞之前，如incorrect不正確的、inability無能 無力、inaccurate不準(zhǔn)確的等。

ir-放在以r開頭的英語單詞前面，比如：irregular不穩(wěn)定的、irresistable不可抵抗的、irresolvable不能分解的 不能解決的。

mal-主要加在形容詞名詞之前，例如malfunction功能紊亂，malicious惡意的。

mis-加在動(dòng)詞、名詞前，例詞misunderstand誤解、misjudge誤判、misleading誤導(dǎo)、misfortune不幸。

non-加在形容詞、名詞前，這樣以non-為否定前綴的詞有non-existence不存在、non-essential不主要的、non-electrical非電的。

un-主要放于名詞，形容詞，副詞前面，常見的例子有unfinished未完成的、undoubted無疑的、unemployment失業(yè)。

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