托福獨立寫作段落拓展之比較對比法
托福獨立寫作對于很多考生來說最難的不是立意，而是段落的拓展，很多考生想好了文章的結構卻找不到合適的素材來拓展段落，造成文章空有骨架卻沒有血肉，在這里我們為大家推薦一種比較對比的方法。
托福獨立寫作段落拓展之比較對比法
首先，比起“例證法”的寫作手法來說，“比較對比法”是一種相對難以上手的方法(因其對于語言多樣性的要求)。然而，當同學們對詞匯和句式替換技巧有一定掌握時，這種方法的優點就會逐一體現——文章統一性和語言多樣性。統一性即是對嚴密邏輯的反映，而多樣性即體現學生扎實的語言基礎，也是對評分標準中“Details”(細節)這一項的良好補充。
那么，究竟要如何理解和精通“比較對比法”呢?以下我們就來詳細解釋。
一.學好比較對比，要先掌握因果推理
之前提到過，“比較對比法”能體現文章的統一性。Why? 因為“比較對比法”通常只是將前半段的“因果推理法”反過來再說一遍。我們以下題為例：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People who leave their native villages or towns tend to be happier and more successful than those who stay. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
通過頭腦風暴中的萬能理由法，同學們不難想到鄉村小鎮比起大城市的優點，如：風景美、污染少、壓力輕和關系好等。
我們以風景美為例展開本段的“因果推理”。此時，同學們不難想到鄉村小鎮的風景優美無非在于更多的自然風光(natural landscape)、山水美景(mountains and waters)和沒有鋼筋叢林的束縛(a forest that requires no concrete)等。同時，也有同學從城市人眼中的事物出發，提出鄉村沒有擁擠的交通(freedom from traffic congestion)或者遮擋天空的高樓(the view-blocking skyscrapers)。這樣，我們就能用簡單的三到四句話將前半段的“因果推理”進行串聯。
First and foremost, we are all aware that people who stay in their hometown could enjoy a better natural landscape than those who move out. (主題句)The reason seems to be obvious: local people could get a closer look on mountains and waters, and sometimes a forest that is not piled up with concrete or cement. At the same time, the freedom from a heavy traffic and the absence of view-blocking skyscrapers help people get away from the mental burdens bothering many of the city residents.
二.不變的邏輯，多變的語言
是時候把“因果推理”反過來說了，也就是城市人面對的糟糕風景和因此帶來巨大壓力。感受一下：“鄉村風景beautiful，城市風景terrible.”是不是邏輯很統一(談論的都是同一個話題的同一個角度)?這樣就避免了同學們想到什么寫什么而造成的“東一句西一句”的邏輯混亂。
But(總要有個但是)，這樣寫是不是很重復、很啰嗦?確實，越是無懈可擊的邏輯越是聽起來像是廢話：“明天可能會下雨，也可能不會!”“我猜這孩子不是男孩兒，就是女孩兒!”“鄉村的風景超好的，城市的風景超爛的!”
那么，我們如何在說廢話的同時又讓考官不心生厭煩呢?答案就是：同(反)義詞替換和句式替換。
local people替換成city residents, urban dwellers, citizens...; natural landscape替換成the panorama of a city, city sites, urban views...; mountains and waters替換成domestic garbage and industrial wastes...
于是，我們的后半段“比較對比法”就變成了重要的事情說兩遍的花樣啰嗦大法!
Unlikely, urban dwellers are bound to suffer from a comparatively poorer views of cities, in which natural sites are turned into domestic garbage and industrial wastes. Still, adding to the already fidgeting mental state is the ever-intensifying pain of traffic congestion, which makes the lives of city residents more unbearable. So, it does make sense to argue that ... (重申文章主題句)
我們將這樣的兩個半段連續起來讀一遍，你會發現我們始終沒有偏離主題(前后說的意思完全一樣)，但是語言的豐富變化又讓人讀起來不覺枯燥冗余。這樣，統一性和多樣性就同時做到了!
最后，同學們在閱讀以上范文時不免心生抱怨：“我們哪有老師這樣的改寫能力啊?” 的確，“比較對比法”最大的困難就在于此，學生很難保證在考場上臨場發揮出多樣又正確的語言表達。但是“因果推理”加“比較對比”的段落組合是如此的完整和漂亮，以致它值得我們付出相應的努力去學會它。
同學們在準備和練習過程中能做的事情有以下三項：
1. 完成“因果推理”的寫作后將已有的詞匯輸入電子詞典，尋找其同、反義詞(通常看到新詞后你會有新的靈感和啟發)。
托福綜合寫作的開頭段模板
In this argument, the arguer concludes that ______. To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that______. In addition, the arguer reasons that_____.This argument suffers from several critical fallacies.
In this argument, the arguer recommends that_____.To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that ____. In addition, he cites the result of a recent study that _____. A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is.
In this analysis, the arguer claims that ____. To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example that____. In addition, the arguer assumes that ____. This argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.
In this argument, the arguer advocates that ____. The recommendation is based on the observation that_____. Meanwhile, the arguer assumes that____. The argument is problematic for two reasons.
The conclusion in this argument is that_____. In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that _____.Moreover, the arguer assumes that_____. This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified and unwarranted assumptions.
托福綜合寫作的結尾段模板
In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is in valid and misleading. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to prove that_____. Moreover, I would suspend my judgment about the credibility of the recommendation until the arguer can provide concrete evidence that_____. Otherwise, the arguer is simply begging the question throughout the argument.
To conclude, the argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the conclusion, the arguer must present more facts that_____. To solidify the argument, the arguer would have to produce more evidence concerning____.
As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that ____. Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to _____.
To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning that_____.
In conclusion, the arguer fails to _____. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that____. To better evaluate the argument, we need more information about that____.
托福寫作范文：大學生應當學習基礎科學課程
寫作題目
Do you agree or disagree with the statement: University students should be required to take basic science classes even if they are not part of the field of the study. 無論是什么專業的學生，大學生都應當學習基礎的科學課程，是否認同?
寫作范文
University courses lay a very solid academic foundation for the future development of college students. Facing the great selections of these courses, some people say that, basic science should be made compulsory for college students, for the reason that they could be more familiar with the advancement and evolution of human society. I disagree. I believe, despite minor merits, asking student of all majors to attend basic science classes would cause problems.
To begin with, science courses would put more academic pressure on students. College students have already had to study many theory and professional subjects related to their majors and their schedule is very tight. For example, a medical student is not only obliged to finish his professional papers for credit, but he also needs to find the opportunity to get clinical experience. His load is so heavy that he could not afford to take any irrelevant courses, such as basic science. In this case, schools should not add this course, because students would worry whether they could finish their homework on time and how they would pass final examinations.
Furthermore, a required science course would lead to unnecessary cost for parents and students. To guarantee the quality of lecturing, colleges have to hire talented and senior science professors and experts, such as those from the best-known universities or scientific research institutes. This would increase the cost of schooling. Normally, a lecture given by a famous science professor costs over 1,000 dollars. These costs would be reflected in the tuition fee, and would deprive many underprivileged students of an opportunity for education.
Admittedly, taking basic science courses does have its merits. As a subject aiming to explain how the universe exits, basic science broaden student’s range of knowledge and enhance their analytical skills. Students could gain a deep understanding about the world they live in. Lots of methods to solve problems will be gained through basic science. However, this knowledge could be acquired by other method other than required courses. TV documentaries and books are all available options for student to learn basic science.
In conclusion, although there are some small benefits to requiring basic science courses, making every college student attend such classes would overburden the students both academically and financially.
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