Questions 14-17

　　Look at the following people and the list of statements below.

　　Match each person with the correct statement.

　　Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

　　14 Brain Waldron

　　15 Trevor Ford

　　16 Graham Dodd

　　17 John Barry

　　List of Statements

　　A suggests that publicity about nickel sulphide failure has been suppressed

　　B regularly sees cases of nickel sulphide failure

　　C closely examined all the glass in one building

　　D was involved with the construction of Bishops Walk

　　E recommended the rebuilding of Waterfront Place

　　F thinks the benefits of toughened glass are exaggerated

　　G claims that nickel sulphide failure is very unusual

　　H refers to the most extreme case of delayed failure

　　Questions 18-23

　　Complete the summary with the list of words A-P below.

　　Write your answers in boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet.

　　Toughened Glass

　　Toughened glass in favoured by architects because it is much stronger than ordinary glass, and the fragments are not as 18…………… when it breaks. However, it has one disadvantage: it can shatter 19…………… . This fault is a result of the manufacturing process. Ordinary glass is first heated, then cooled very 20…………… . The outer layer 21…………… before the inner layer, and the tension between the two layers which is created because of this makes the glass stronger However, if the glass contains nickel sulphide impurities, crystals of nickel sulphide are formed. These are unstable, and can expand suddenly, particularly if the weather is 22…………… . If this happens, the pane of glass may break. The frequency with which such problems occur is 23…………… by glass experts. Furthermore, the crystals cannot be detected without sophisticated equipment.

　　A numerous B detected C quickly

　　D agreed E warm F sharp

　　G expands H slowly I unexpectedly

　　J removed K contracts L disputed

　　M cold N moved O small

　　P calculated

　　Questions 24-26

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

　　In boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet, write

　　TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

　　FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

　　NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

　　24 Little doubt was expressed about the reason for the Bishops Walk accident.

　　25 Toughened glass has the same appearance as ordinary glass.

　　26 There is plenty of documented evidence available about the incidence of nickel sulphide failure.

　　READING PASSAGE 3

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

　　The effects of light on plant and animal species

　　Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly it is used as a cue for the timing, of daily and seasonal rhythms in both plants and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants.

　　Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds’ breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants.

　　Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured.

　　The adaptive significance at photoperiodism in plants is also clear. Short-day plants that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plants that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plants have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favourable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length.

　　The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimetres deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976).

　　The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises.

　　Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understory under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.

　　Questions 27-33

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

　　In boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet, write

　　TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

　　FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

　　NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

　　27 There is plenty of scientific evidence to support photoperiodism.

　　28 Some types of bird can be encouraged to breed out of season.

　　29 Photoperiodism is restricted to certain geographic areas.

　　30 Desert annuals are examples of long-day plants.

　　31 Bamboos flower several times during their life cycle.

　　32 Scientists have yet to determine the cue for Chusquea abitifolia’s seasonal rhythm.

　　33 Eastern hemlock is a fast-growing plant.

　　Questions 34-40

　　Complete the sentences.

　　Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet.

　　34 Day length is a useful cue for breeding in areas where …………… are unpredictable.

　　35 Plants which do not respond to light levels are referred to as…………… .

　　36 Birds in temperate climates associate longer days with nesting and the availability of …………….

　　37 Plants that flower when days are long often depend on …………… to help them reproduce.

　　38 Desert annuals respond to …………… as a signal for reproduction.

　　39 There is no limit to the photosynthetic rate in plants such as …………… .

　　40 Tolerance to shade is one criterion for the …………… of plants in forestry and horticulture.

　　劍橋雅思閱讀5原文參考譯文(test4)

　　TEST 4 PASSAGE 1 參考譯文：

　　The Impact of Wilderness Tourism

　　荒野旅游的影響

　　A

　　The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across the world are actively promoting their ‘wilderness’ regions — such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetland — to high-spending tourists. The attraction of these areas is obvious: by definition, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost. As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recognized, these regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures) not just in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants. The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects, and also in terms of the proportion of the Earth’s surface they cover, are deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. An important characteristic is their marked seasonality, with harsh conditions prevailing for many months each year. Consequently, most human activities, including tourism, are limited to quite clearly defined parts of the year.

　　A偏遠地區的旅游市場從未曾像現在這么火爆。世界各國都積極地向高消費游客推廣它們的“荒野”地區——如髙山、極地、沙漠、小島和濕地。這些地區的吸引力是顯而易見的：從定義上看，荒野旅游只需要很少的或者完全不需要初始投資。但是，這并不意味著發展荒野旅游不需要付出任何代價。正如1992年聯合國環境與發展大會指出的那樣，這些地區是非常脆弱的(即：在異常壓力下是極容易被破壞的)，而這種破壞不僅是就當地的生態學而言，而且還會影響到當地居民的文化。在以上方面以及就其所覆蓋的地表面積的比例來說，最重要的三種脆弱環境是沙漠、高山和極地。這些地區的一個重要的特征就是顯著的季節性，在每年的很多月份里都以惡劣的環境為主。因此，包括旅游在內的大多數人類活動都被清楚地限定在一年中的某些時候。

　　Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural landscape beauty and the unique cultures of their indigenous people. And poor governments in these isolated areas have welcomed the new breed of ‘adventure tourist’, grateful for the hard currency they bring. For several years now, tourism has been the prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan. Tourism is also a key element in the economies of Arctic zones such as Lapland and Alaska and in desert areas such as Ayers Rock in Australia and Arizona’s Monument Valley.

　　游客來到這些地方是因為他們被優美的自然風景和當地人獨一無二的文化所吸引。這些地區與外界隔絕，當地貧窮的政府很歡迎“冒險游客”的到來，這讓他們獲得了一種新的財政收人來源，尤其是游客帶來的硬通貨。近幾年來，旅游業已經成為尼泊爾和不丹的主要外匯收入來源。對于諸如拉普蘭和阿拉斯加等北極地區和包括澳大利亞艾爾斯巖石地區和亞利桑那紀念碑山谷在內的沙漠地區而言，旅游業也是當地經濟的主要來源。

　　B

　　Once a location is established as a main tourist destination, the effects on the local community are profound. When hill-farmers, for example, can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields, it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work, which is thus left to other members of the family. In some hill-regions, this has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in the local diet, because there is insufficient labour to maintain terraces and irrigation systems and tend to crops. The result has been that many people in these regions have turned to outside supplies of rice and other foods.

　　B一個地區一旦被確定為主要的旅游目的地，其對當地社區的影響是意義深遠的。比如，當農夫在幾個星期內幫外國背包客搬運行李掙的錢多于在田里工作一年的收入時，很多農夫放棄種田也就不足為奇了。因此，種田的工作就被轉移到家庭其他成員身上。在--些丘陵地區，這種變化導致了糧食產量的嚴重下降和當地飲食的改變，因為沒有足夠的勞力去維持梯田和灌溉系統以及照管農作物。因此，這些地區的很多人已經依靠外部供給的米和其他食物為生。

　　In Arctic and desert societies, year-round survival has traditionally depended on hunting animals and fish and collecting fruit over a relatively short season. However, as some inhabitants become involved in tourism, they no longer have time to collect wild food; this has led to increasing dependence on bought food and stores. Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes. All kinds of wage labour, or government handouts, tend to undermine traditional survival systems. Whatever the cause, the dilemma is always the same: what happens if these new, external sources of income dry up?

　　傳統上，在北極和沙漠地區的社區，全年的生存都依靠打獵捕魚和在相當短的收獲季節采摘果實。然而，當一些居民開始參與旅游業之后，他們不再有時間去捕獵采摘野果，這讓他們更加依賴于購買的食物和賣食物的商店。旅游業并不是隱藏于這些變化背后惟一的“罪魁禍首”：所有付薪資的勞動，或者政府的救濟物都趨向破壞傳統生存系統。不管原因是什么，困境卻總是相同的：如果這些新的外來的收入來源枯竭了該怎么辦?

　　The physical impact of visitors is another serious problem associated with the growth in adventure tourism. Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails, but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers. In both mountains and deserts, slow-growing trees are often the main sources of fuel and water supplies may be limited or vulnerable to degradation through heavy use.

　　旅游者對環境的影響是另一個與荒野旅游的發展有聯系的嚴重問題。人們在主要的破壞問題上已經投入了很大的注意力，但也許更重要的是濫伐問題和旅游者由于做飯和洗澡對水資源產生的影響。不管是在高山還是沙漠地帶，慢生型樹木通常是燃料的主要來源，而水資源也有可能由于使用過量而嚴重緊缺。

　　C

　　Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place, the costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures can be minimized. Indeed, it can even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures, as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepal’s Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages. And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term.

　　C過去幾年里，旅游業所帶來的問題越來越多。但是這沒有必要成為一個問題。雖然旅游業不可避免地影響著旅游地，這些脆弱的環境和當地文化所付出的代價可以降到最低。實際上，旅游業甚至可以成為加速當地文化復興的快車，就像尼泊爾昆布山谷的雪帕族和一些阿爾卑斯山的村莊一樣。越來越多的冒險旅游業的經營者正在努力，以便確保他們的活動從長期來看有益于當地人民和環境。

　　In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism more effectively with the local economy. Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays d’Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.

　　在瑞士阿爾卑斯地區，社區決定他們未來將依靠旅游業與當地經濟更有效的整合。瑞士貝伊東地區對于持續增加的別居開發采取了強制措施以限制其發展。這個地區的公共干酪產量也得到了大幅回升，給當地人提供了不依靠外來游客的更可靠的收入來源。

　　Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies, who employ transient workers and repatriate most of the profits to their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people, is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the tundra and watch local musicians and dancers.

　　很多北極地區的旅游目的地是被外來公司開發的。這些公司雇用短期工，將大部分利潤轉移到自己國家的公司總部。但是，現在一些北極社區正在自主運作旅游生意，因此能確保增加當地的收益。例如，阿拉斯加本地的公司雇用本地人開展從安克雷奇到扣贊伯的空中之旅，在那里游客可以吃到北極的食物，走在苔原上，并觀看當地音樂家和舞蹈演員的表演。

　　Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed similar strategies, encouraging tourists to visit their pueblos and reservations to purchase high-quality handicrafts and artwork. The Acoma and San lldefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewellery.

　　美國西南部沙漠地區的當地人也采取了相同的策略。他們鼓勵游客到印第安村莊和保留地參觀并購買質量上乘的手工藝品和藝術品。阿科馬和珊以爾德凡索這兩個印第安村莊發展了高利潤的陶器生意，那瓦侯和候皮這兩個印第安地區在珠寶業方面也獲得了類似的成功。

　　Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies, their culture and their environment when tourism has penetrated their homelands. Merely restricting tourism cannot be the solution to the imbalance, because people’s desire to see new places will not just disappear. Instead, communities in fragile environments must achieve greater control over tourism ventures in their regions, in order to balance their needs and aspirations with the demands of tourism. A growing number of communities are demonstrating that, with firm communal decision-making, this is possible. The critical question now is whether this can become the norm, rather than the exception.

　　當旅游業進入自己的家鄉時，居住在脆弱環境地區的很多人失去了對經濟、文化和環境的控制。因為人們想見識新地方的強烈愿望并不會消失，所以僅僅限制旅游業并不能消除這種不平衡。處于脆弱環境的社區必須要取得對旅游業的更大的控制力，以便平衡旅游業的要求和當地人的需求和渴望。越來越多的社區表明，通過強有力的社區決策，實現這種平衡是完全可能的。現在最棘手的問題是這種平衡的實現能否成為規范，而不僅僅是特例。

　　TEST 4 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文：

　　Flawed Beauty: the problem with toughened glass

　　殘缺美：鋼化玻璃的問題

　　On 2nd August 1999, a particularly hot day in the town of Cirencester in the UK, a large pane of toughened glass in the roof of a shopping centre at Bishops Walk shattered without warning and fell from its frame. When fragments were analysed by experts at the giant glass manufacturer Pilkington, which had made the pane, they found that minute crystals of nickel sulphide trapped inside the glass had almost certainly caused the failure.

　　1999年8月3號，天氣異常炎熱，在英國小鎮賽倫塞斯特上，位于主教街的一家購物中心屋頂上的一大片鋼化玻璃在沒有任何征兆的情況下突然裂成碎片并掉了下來。隨即，其生產者——大型玻璃制造商Pilkington公司的專家對掉落的碎片進行了分析。經過分析，專家幾乎確定這次事故是由玻璃內部硫化鎳的微型晶體引起的。

　　‘The glass industry is aware of the issue,’ says Brian Waldron, chairman of the standards committee at the Glass and Glazing Federation, a British trade association, and standards development officer at Pilkington. But he insists that cases are few and far between. ‘It’s a very rare phenomenon,’ he says.

　　“玻璃行業已經意識到了這個問題。”英國貿易協會之一——玻璃及玻璃裝配協會標準委員會主席，同時也是Pilkingtcm公司標準發展官員的Brian Waldron宣稱。但是他堅持認為這種情況只不過是滄海一粟罷了。“這是非常罕見的現象。”他說。

　　Others disagree. ‘On average I see about one or two buildings a month suffering from nickel sulphide related failures,’ says Barrie Josie, a consultant engineer involved in the Bishops Walk investigation. Other experts tell of similar experiences. Tony Wilmott of London-based consulting engineers Sandberg, and Simon Armstrong at CladTech Associates in Hampshire both say they know of hundreds of cases. ‘What you hear is only the tip of the iceberg,’ says Trevor Ford, a glass expert at Resolve Engineering in Brisbane, Queensland. He believes the reason is simple: ‘No-one wants bad press.’

　　但不同意見也同時存在。參與主教街事件調查的咨詢工程師Barrie Josie宣稱，“平均每個月我都會看到一兩幢建筑物遭遇類似的硫化鎳問題。”其他專家也講述了類似經歷。位于倫敦的Sanberg公司的咨詢工程師Tony Wilraott以及來自漢普西爾的CladTech協會的Simon Armstrong均聲稱自己了解大量此類情況。“公眾所知道的只不過是冰山一角罷了，”昆士蘭州布里斯班市Resolve工程公司的玻璃專家Trevor Ford說道。他認為原因很簡單：“沒人想要壞新聞。”

　　Toughened glass is found everywhere, from cars and bus shelters to the windows, walls and roofs of thousands of buildings around the world. It’s easy to see why. This glass has five times the strength of standard glass, and when it does break it shatters into tiny cubes rather than large, razor-sharp shards. Architects love it because large panels can be bolted together to make transparent walls, and turning it into ceilings and floors is almost as easy.

　　鋼化玻璃被廣泛應用于汽車、候車亭以及世界各地數以千計的建筑物上的窗子、墻面和屋頂。原因很簡單，鋼化坡璃的強度是普通玻璃的5倍，破碎時裂成細小顆粒而不是鋒利的大塊碎片。大塊的鋼化坡璃可以拼成透明的玻璃墻，用它做屋頂和地面也很方便，所以建筑師對鋼化玻璃情有獨鐘。

　　It is made by heating a sheet of ordinary glass to about 620°C to soften it slightly, allowing its structure to expand, and then cooling it rapidly with jets of cold air. This causes the outer layer of the pane to contract and solidify before the interior. When the interior finally solidifies and shrinks, it exerts a pull on the outer layer that leaves it in permanent compression and produces a tensile force inside the glass. As cracks propagate best in materials under tension, the compressive force on the surface must be overcome before the pane will break, making it more resistant to cracking.

　　鋼化玻璃是由普通玻璃制成的：把一塊普通玻璃加熱到大約620攝氏度，使之輕度軟化、結構膨脹，然后用冷氣流迅速將其冷卻。這導致玻璃的外層先于內部收縮和凝固。玻璃內部最終冷卻并凝固后對玻璃外層產生拉力作用，使之始終處于壓力之下，它還會使玻璃內部產生張力.裂縫最容易在有壓力的物體中擴張，所以要防止玻璃破晬就必須消除玻璃表面的壓力，使之不容易破碎。

　　The problem starts when glass contains nickel sulphide impurities. Trace amounts of nickel and sulphur are usually present in the raw materials used to make glass, and nickel can also be introduced by fragments of nickel alloys falling into the molten glass. As the glass is heated, these atoms react to form tiny crystals of nickel sulphide. Just a tenth of a gram of nickel in the furnace can create up to 50,000 crystals.

　　當玻璃含有硫化鎳雜質時，問題就出現了。痕量的鎳和硫通常出現在制作玻璃的原材料中，熔化過程中鎳合金碎片也會增加玻璃的鎳含量。玻璃被加熱之后，這些原子相互作用形成了微型的硫化鎳晶體。熔爐中0.1克的鎳就會產生多達5萬個晶體。

　　These crystals can exist in two forms: a dense form called the alpha phase, which is stable at high temperatures, and a less dense form called the beta phase, which is stable at room temperatures. The high temperatures used in the toughening process convert all the crystals to the dense, compact alpha form. But the subsequent cooling is so rapid that the crystals don’t have time to change back to the beta phase. This leaves unstable alpha crystals in the glass, primed like a coiled spring, ready to revert to the beta phase without warning.

　　這些晶體以兩種形式存在：髙溫下穩定的密度較大的α相和室溫下穩定的密度小一些的β相。強化過程中的高溫把所有的硫化鎳晶體都轉化成高密度的α相。但是接下來的冷卻過程如此迅速，以至于硫化鎳晶體沒有足夠的時間重新轉化成β相。這在玻璃中遺留下不穩定的α相晶體，它就像被壓縮的彈簧一樣隨時可能毫無征兆地重新轉化為β相。

　　When this happens, the crystals expand by up to 4%. And if they are within the central, tensile region of the pane, the stresses this unleashes can shatter the whole sheet. The time that elapses before failure occurs is unpredictable. It could happen just months after manufacture, or decades later, although if the glass is heated — by sunlight, for example — the process is speeded up. Ironically, says Graham Dodd, of consulting engineers Arup in London, the oldest pane of toughened glass known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions was in Pilkington’s glass research building in Lathom, Lancashire. The pane was 27 years old.

　　當硫化鎳晶體由α相轉化成β相時，體積膨脹4%。如果α相晶體位于張力最大的玻璃中央，膨脹產生的壓力可以使整塊玻璃破裂。破裂時間無法預測，可能是生產出來的幾個月后也可能是幾十年后，盡管玻璃被日光加熱會加快晶體的轉化速度。Graham Dodd，倫敦Arup顧問建筑師說：“具有諷刺意味的是，因為含有硫化鎳而導致破裂的‘歷史最悠久’的鋼化玻璃是蘭開夏郡拉蘇的Pilkington公司的玻璃研究大廈的玻璃，使用時間是27 年。”

　　Data showing the scale of the nickel sulphide problem is almost impossible to find. The picture is made more complicated by the fact that these crystals occur in batches. So even if, on average, there is only one inclusion in 7 tonnes of glass, if you experience one nickel sulphide failure in your building, that probably means you’ve got a problem in more than one pane. Josie says that in the last decade he has worked on over 15 buildings with the number of failures into double figures.

　　能夠表明硫化鎳問題的規模的數據幾乎無法找到。硫化鎳晶體總是成批出現，使問題更加復雜。所以，即使平均每7噸的玻璃里只有一個雜質，但是，只要有一個硫化鎳晶體發生破裂，這就意味著這個建筑物中不止一塊鋼化玻璃存在著問題。Josie說，在過去的十年間，他參加建造的建筑物超過15個，因為硫化鎳產生問題的建筑物數量達到兩位數。

　　One of the worst examples of this is Waterfront Place, which was completed in 1990. Over the following decade the 40-storey Brisbane block suffered a rash of failures. Eighty panes of its toughened glass shattered due to inclusions before experts were finally called in. John Barry, an expert in nickel sulphide contamination at the University of Queensland, analysed every glass pane in the building. Using a studio camera, a photographer went up in a cradle to take photos of every pane. These were scanned under a modified microfiche reader for signs of nickel sulphide crystals. ‘We discovered at least another 120 panes with potentially dangerous inclusions which were then replaced,’ says Barry. ‘It was a very expensive and time-consuming process that took around six months to complete.’ Though the project cost A class="main">