英語語言學知識點
英語語言學是英語語言文學專業培養計劃中的一門基礎必修課，接下來學習啦小編為你整理了英語語言學知識點，一起來看看吧。
英語語言學知識點：定義
1.語言學Linguistics
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2.普通語言學General Linguistics
The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.
3.語言language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
語言是人類用來交際的任意性的有聲符號體系。
4.識別特征Design Features
It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
語言識別特征是指人類語言區別與其他任何動物的交際體系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性
Productivity多產性
Duality雙重性
Displacement移位性
Cultural transmission文化傳遞
⑴arbitrariness
There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions
⑵Productivity
Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.
⑶Duality
Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.
⑷Displacement
Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
⑸Cultural transmission
Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.
5.語言能力Competence
Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
6.語言運用performance
Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
語言運用是所掌握的規則在語言交際中的體現。
7.歷時語言學Diachronic linguistics
The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.
8.共時語言學Synchronical linguistics
The study of a given language at a given time.
9.語言langue
The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
10.言語parole
The realization of langue in actual use.
11.規定性Prescriptive
It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.
12.描述性Descriptive
A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.
英語語言學知識點：知識
1.language is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.
語言不是一種孤立的現象，而是人類在一定的社會環境下進行的一種社會活動。
2.幾種觀點和現象的提出者：
⑴瑞士語言學家F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue和parole的區別
⑵U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美國語言學家N.Chomsky
in1950針對Saussure’s langue&parole提出Competence和performance
⑶曾經對語言概念下過定義的語言學家
Sapir---language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.
Hall----language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.
Chomsky---from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.
⑷U.S.A Linguist Charles Hockett美國語言學家Charles Hockett
提出了語言的識別特征design features
3.the word ’language’ preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language.
Language一詞前不加冠詞說明語言學家不只研究一種特定的語言。
4.in order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts.
5.language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so it's hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判斷題
6.Frist drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages.最先引起語言學家注意的是語言的發音。
英語語言學知識點：問答題
1.what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study?
Phonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.
Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language.
Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.
Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words.
Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society.
Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind.
Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.
2.why do we say language is arbitrary?
Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.
The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it’s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance.
A typical example to illustrate the ‘arbitrariness’ of language is ‘a rose by any other name would smell as sweet’.
3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.現代語言學是描述性的，其研究以確實可靠的、主要以口語形式的資料為基礎。
traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on’ high’ written language.
傳統語法是規定性的，研究‘高級’書面語。
4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why
Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view.
現代語言學主要是共時性的，重點研究現代語言。除非對語言的各種狀態都進行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時性角度對語言進行描述。
5.which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings?
Speech enjoys for the following reasons:
⑴Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution.
⑵A large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing.
⑶speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language.
6.how is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s ?
Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study
Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.
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