英語國家概況:英國的形成歷史
英語國家概況:英國的形成歷史
英國，全稱大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國(The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)，本土位于歐洲大陸西北面的不列顛群島，被北海、英吉利海峽、凱爾特海、愛爾蘭海和大西洋包圍。下面是學習啦小編整理的英語國家概況:英國的形成歷史，歡迎大家閱讀!
The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)
英國的形成(公元1066-1381)
I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)
諾曼統治(公元1066-1381)
1. William's Rule (1066-1087)
威廉一世的統治(公元1066-1087)
England's feudalism under the rule of William theConqueror
在威廉統治下的英國封建制度
①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.
②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally.
③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military serviceand a proportion of the land's produce.
④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held themcould not easily combine to rebel the king.
⑤The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lessernobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services.
⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs.
⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take theoath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.
①在威廉統治下，英國的封建制度得到完全確立。
②根據此制度，國王擁有全國所有土地。
③威廉把英國的大片土地分給貴族，條件是換取對方服役和物品。
④這些地產分散于各處，相距遙遠，這樣土地擁有者就不易聯合起來反叛國王。
⑤已成為國王總佃戶的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族、騎士和自由民，同樣換取貨物和服役。
⑥處于封建等級最底層的是農奴。
⑦英國封建制獨有的特色就是，無論是土地承租人還是二佃戶，都必須要宣誓效忠于直接地主，而且要效忠于國王。
II.Contents and the significance of the Great Charter
《大憲章》的內容及意義
Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists ofsixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows:
(1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council;
(2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property;
(3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections;
(4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and
(5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. (significance)Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the
①foundation of English liberties, it was a ②statement of the feudal and legal relationshipsbetween the Crown and the barons, ③a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a④limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation ofthe powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.
《大憲章》是約翰國王1215年在封建貴族壓力下簽定的。《大憲章》總共63條，其中最重要的內容是：
(1) 未經大議會同意，不得征稅;
(2) 只有根據國家有關法律才能逮捕、監禁自由人以及剝奪他們的財產;
(3)教會應享受其所有權利且有選舉自由;
(4) 倫敦和其它城鎮應保留其貴族的傳統權力和特權;
(5) 全國要統一度量衡。盡管人們普遍認為《大憲章》為英國的自由奠定了基礎，但該憲章只是規定國王和貴族之間封建關系和法律關系的聲明書，保證了教會的自由，限制了國王權利。《大憲章》的精神實質就是把國王的權利限制在英國封建法律允許的范圍之內。
III.The origins of the English Parliament
英國議會的起源
The Great Council is known to be the prototype (原型) of the current British Parliament. In1265, Simon de Montfort summoned (召集)the Great Council, together with two knights fromeach county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and theHouse of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice，not to make decisions. There were noelections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.
大議會是當今英國議會的原型。1265年，西門德孟福爾召開大議會，各縣有兩名騎士，各鎮有兩名市民參加。大議會發展到后來演變成議會，分為上議院和下議院。其作用是咨詢而非決定;也沒有選舉和政黨。議會的最重要的部分是上議院。
IV.The Hundred Years' War and its consequences.
百年戰爭及其結果
The Hundred Years’ War refers to the war between England and France that lastedintermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partlyeconomic.
①The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the largeduchy of Aquitaine in France, as the French kings grew stronger,they increasingly coveted thislarge slice.
②The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which werethe importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides,England's desire to
③stop France from giving aid to Scots and
④a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.
The English's being driven out of France is ①regarded as a blessing for both countries. If theEnglish had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have ②hinderedthe development of a separate English national identity, ③while France was hindered so longas a foreign power occupied so much French territory.
百年戰爭指1337年到1453年英法之間一場斷斷續續的戰爭，戰爭的起因既有領土因素又有經濟因素。領土起因尤其是英國國王占領了法國的阿基坦大片公爵領地，這是戰爭的根源，隨著法國國王勢力日增，他們渴望占領這片土地。經濟原因則與弗蘭德斯城有關。弗蘭德斯地區生產棉布的城鎮是英國羊毛的主要進口商，但這些城鎮在政治上卻效忠法國國王。其他原因還有英國試圖阻止法國對蘇格蘭人的援助，并且壓制不斷增強的民族意識。
戰爭的結果：
把英國人趕出法國對兩個國家都是幸事：若英國人繼續留在法國，那么法國人在領土和財富上所占的優勢必然會阻礙獨立的英國的發展;而在英國占領大量法國領土的情況下，法國也很難統一。
Three stages of the war 戰爭的三個階段
In the first two stages, the English won some big victories. But in the third stage, they weredriven out of Fance.戰爭初期，英國取得輝煌勝利。但是最終被逐出法國
The battle of Argencourt 阿壤科之戰
It took place in 1415 and the English won a crushing victory. After the victory, the English kingHenry Ⅴwas recognized as the French King.1415年英國大獲全勝，亨利5世登上法國王位。
Joan of Arc (1412-1431)貞德女士
Joan of Arc was a nation heroine in French history. She led and encourages the French indriving the English out of French in the Hundred Years’War. 貞德是法國歷史上的女英雄，她領導和鼓舞法國人民將英國軍隊驅逐處境。
Consequences of the war 戰爭的后果影響
①The English lost the war. The expulsion of the English from French is regarded as a blessingfor both countries.
②It helped English national identity as well as French national identity.
③Two separate nation were born after the war.
V. The Black Death
黑死病
The Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague,an epidemic diseasespread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summerof 1348. It reduced England's population from four million to two million by the end of the14th century.
The economic consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the plague,much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. The survivingpeasants had better bargaining power and were in a position to change their serfdom into paidlabour. Some landlords, unable or unwilling to pay higher wages, tried to force peasants backinto serfdom. In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers which made it a crime forpeasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down bythe Justices of the Peace.
黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤傳播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫，是一種流行疾病，在14世紀傳播了到歐洲。1348年夏天橫掃全英國。英國的人口在14世紀末從400萬銳減至200萬。
黑死病對經濟造成的后果更為深遠。鼠疫導致了大片土地無人照管和勞動力極度匱乏。地主想把耕地變為人力需求較少的牧場。存活的農民處于有利的討價還價地位，從農奴變為雇傭勞動力。于是一些支付不起或不愿意支付較高工資的地主想方設法迫使農民重返農奴地位。1351年政府頒布“勞工法令”，規定農民們漲工資的要求，或者是雇主支付比地方官制訂的工資水平要高的工資都是犯罪。