銀行資金是如何運用的

　　你是不是很好奇銀行到底是怎么運用資金的。接下來小編為大家整理了銀行資金是如何運用的，希望對你有幫助哦!

　　A banker must always remember that he is dealing with other people's money and that he is responsible for its safety. But he cannot keep his deposits lying idle in his safes and strongrooms. He must use them----and he is expected to use them to produce an income. A banker also earns money from the charges which he makes for some of his services, but much the greater part of a bank's income comes from investing and lending its deposits. From these various receipts the banker has to meet the expenses of running the bank----including, for example, the salaries of its staff---pay interest to its depositors and earn a profit for shareholders.

　　How do the clearing banks meet these requirements? Their first concern is to see that they always have sufficient notes and coin in their tills, or in reserve, to meet instantly all the demands for cash that may be made upon them. Customers are constantly drawing cash from their accounts to spend and to pay wages and salaries, but this money is quickly returned to the banks by the shops and traders who receive it and who pay it into their own bank accounts. Cash is a banker's stock in trade but it earns nothing and costs him a great deal to store, safeguard and transport, so he will keep as little of it as he can.

　　To reinforce their cash reserves, banks keep another sizeable chunk of their money in assets which can be quickly turned back into money with little risk of loss. These “liquid assets” include loans made for very short periods----often overnight----to discount houses (which are special financial organizations in the London Money Market). Other liquid assets are commercial bills and Treasury bills issued by the Government. These “bills”are traded in the money market and can always be sold quickly.

　　The banks' short-term assets earn interest but less than that obtained through “Investments” and “Advances to customers”. The banks investments are nearly all in securities issued or guaranteed by the British Government and quoted on the Stock Exchange. Like the short-term assets, they too can be readily sold, should the need arise, but their price can vary.

　　Advances are the amounts which the banks lend to their customers. They earn a higher rate of interest than the banks' other assets, but as we shall see, there is a lot of work involved in managing them and, despite all the precautions which a bank may take, they are seldom entirely free from risk. Advances cannot be so conveniently and quickly turned into cash as most of a bank's other assets.

　　銀行家會永遠記住，他在和別人的錢打交道，對錢的安全負有責任。但銀行家不能將存款一直閑置在保險箱和保險庫里，必須運用這些錢——而且想用這些錢獲得收益。銀行家還從其提供服務的手續(xù)費中獲得貨幣收入，除此而外，銀行的絕大部分收入是通過投資和出借儲蓄資金而獲得的。銀行家必須用這些各種各樣的收入來支付銀行的經(jīng)營費用——包括，比如職工薪酬，支付存款人的利息，給股東分配紅利等。

　　清算銀行是怎樣滿足這些需要的呢?他們最關心的是確保錢柜里，或儲備有足夠的鈔票，迅速應付可能發(fā)生的各種現(xiàn)金支取。客戶隨時可能從其賬戶上支取現(xiàn)金用于消費，支付工資與薪酬，但是這些錢很快通過收到款項的商店和商人回到銀行，存入他們自己的銀行戶頭。現(xiàn)金是銀行的備用金，沒有任何收益，還要花費很大的代價去貯存，保管和運送，因此，銀行盡可能保留極少的現(xiàn)金。

　　為了增補現(xiàn)金儲備，銀行以資產(chǎn)的形式保存另外很大一部分資金。這些資產(chǎn)可以迅速轉變成現(xiàn)金，沒有什么損失風險。這些“流動資產(chǎn)”包括向貼現(xiàn)公司(貼現(xiàn)公司是倫敦貨幣市場的專業(yè)金融機構)發(fā)放的短期——通常是隔夜貸款。其他的流動資產(chǎn)有商業(yè)票據(jù)和政府發(fā)行的國庫券。這些“有價證券”在貨幣市場上交易，并能迅速地賣出去。

　　銀行的短期資產(chǎn)能夠獲得利息，但與通過“投資”和“對客戶的預付款”所獲利息相比要少。銀行投資幾乎都是由英國政府發(fā)行或擔保的有價證券，并由股票交易所報價。這些有價證券和短期資產(chǎn)一樣，如果有市場需求，可以隨時出售，但價格時常有變化。

　　預付款是銀行貸給客戶的錢，所獲利息要高于銀行的其他資產(chǎn)。但我們也要看到，管理這些預付款要做大量工作，盡管銀行采取了各種預防措施，還是不能夠避免所有的損失。預付款和銀行的其他資產(chǎn)不一樣，不能夠那么方便、那么迅速地變現(xiàn)。